## Employment-based green cards in New York **Employment-based (EB) green cards** allow foreign workers to obtain US permanent residency through employer sponsorship. New York employers + foreign workers navigate a multi-year process with country-specific backlogs. ## Five categories **EB-1: Priority workers (no PERM required):** **1A: Extraordinary ability** - Sustained national / international acclaim - Top of field (1% or so) - No employer sponsorship required - Self-petition possible - Specific evidence requirements **1B: Outstanding professors / researchers** - 3+ years experience - International recognition - Tenured / tenure-track or specific research - Employer sponsorship **1C: Multinational executives / managers** - 1+ year managerial experience abroad - Coming to US to manage / direct - Specific corporate relationship **EB-2: Advanced degree / exceptional ability:** - Master's degree (or bachelor's + 5 years progressive experience) - OR exceptional ability in sciences, arts, business - PERM required (typically) - National Interest Waiver (NIW) skips PERM in some cases **EB-3: Skilled / professional / unskilled workers:** **Skilled:** - 2+ years training / experience - Permanent position **Professional:** - Bachelor's degree - Standard professional position **Unskilled (other workers):** - Less than 2 years training - Most backlogged category - Limited annual numbers **EB-4: Special immigrants:** - Religious workers - Certain government employees - Specific categories - Specific procedures **EB-5: Investors:** - Investment $800K-$1.05M - Job creation - See EB-5 visa guide ## PERM labor certification (Step 1) **For EB-2 + EB-3 typically:** **Purpose:** - Test US labor market - Show no qualified US worker available - Department of Labor approval - 6-12 month process typical **Requirements:** - Specific recruitment procedures - Newspaper / online ads - State workforce notice - Internal employer notice - Specific period - Document recruitment efforts - Specific salary requirements (prevailing wage) **Prevailing wage:** - DOL determines - Specific to position + geography - Wage levels I-IV - Must offer at least this **Audit risk:** - DOL audits some cases - Specific document requests - Adds time + complexity - Standard process ## I-140 immigrant petition (Step 2) **Filed by employer:** **Documentation:** - Approved PERM (if required) - Employee qualifications - Employer ability to pay - Specific position evidence - Beneficiary qualifications **Processing:** - 6-12 months typical - Premium processing available ($2,805) - 15-day decision with PP - Establishes priority date ## I-485 adjustment of status (Step 3) **For applicants in US:** - File when priority date current - $1,440 filing fee - Includes work + travel authorization - 6-24 months processing typically - Specific eligibility requirements **Concurrent filing:** - I-140 + I-485 together when possible - Available when priority date current - Specific conditions - Strategic benefit **Adjustment requires:** - Continuous lawful status - No bars to adjustment - Specific eligibility - Medical exam - Background checks ## Consular processing alternative **For applicants outside US:** - Apply at US embassy/consulate - Different procedures - Specific timing - Different costs - Specific risks (visa denial) ## Country-specific backlogs **MAJOR issue for some countries:** **India:** - EB-2: 50+ year wait - EB-3: 30+ year wait - Specific to category - Significant problem - Multiple recent attempts at reform **China:** - EB-2: 5-10 year wait - EB-3: 5-10 year wait - Specific to category - Less severe than India **Other countries:** - Generally 1-3 years - Sometimes current - Specific to category + month ## Visa Bulletin **Monthly publication:** - Tracks priority date movements - Specific to country + category - Filing dates vs final action dates - Strategic planning - USCIS adopts which to use monthly ## Strategy **Choose category strategically:** **EB-1 advantages:** - No PERM required - Generally current priority date - Faster overall - High evidence bar **EB-2 considerations:** - PERM required (except NIW) - Significant backlog for India / China - NIW alternative - Specific qualifications **EB-3 considerations:** - Most backlogged - Generally less expensive PERM - Sometimes only path - Long wait for some countries ## National Interest Waiver (EB-2 NIW) **Skips PERM:** **Requirements (Matter of Dhanasar):** 1. Endeavor of substantial merit + national importance 2. Well-positioned to advance the endeavor 3. On balance, beneficial to US to waive PERM **Common for:** - Researchers + scientists - Entrepreneurs - Specific professionals - Specific fields **Self-petition possible:** - No employer required - Significant flexibility - Strong evidence required ## Schedule A (avoiding PERM) **Specific occupations:** - Nurses (RNs) - Physical therapists - Occupational therapists - Some others **Skip PERM:** - Pre-certified by DOL - File I-140 directly - Faster process ## Maintaining status during process **Critical:** - Maintain underlying nonimmigrant status - H-1B (most common) - L-1, O-1, etc. - AC21 portability for H-1B - Specific provisions **AC21 portability:** - Change jobs after I-140 approved + I-485 pending 180+ days - Same / similar occupation - Specific procedures - Significant flexibility ## Common issues **RFEs (Request for Evidence):** - Common in EB cases - Specific issues - Response deadlines - Strategic responses **Job changes:** - During process - AC21 considerations - May need new PERM - Strategic timing **Employer issues:** - Layoffs - Company changes - Specific complications - Continuation strategies **Maintaining position:** - Same job after green card - Specific time period - Future I-140 issues ## Costs **Total typical:** **EB-2/3 with PERM:** - PERM: $5,000-$15,000 - I-140: $2,000-$5,000 - I-485: $3,000-$8,000 - Total: $10,000-$30,000+ **EB-1:** - I-140: $5,000-$10,000 - I-485: $3,000-$8,000 - Total: $8,000-$20,000+ **Plus USCIS fees:** - I-140: $700 - I-485: $1,440 - I-765: $410 - I-131: $575 - Total fees: $3,000-$5,000+ ## Recent developments **Issues + trends:** **Country backlogs:** - Continuing problem - Reform efforts - Specific legislation proposed - HR.4406 (per-country cap removal) **Processing times:** - Often longer than published - Specific service centers - Premium processing for I-140 - Specific to categories **STEM emphasis:** - Some preferences for STEM - Schedule A expansion proposals - O-1 adjacent options - Specific industries ## Strategic considerations **For employers:** - Plan early (5+ years before retiring foreign worker) - Consider EB-1 for top talent - Document throughout - Specific PERM strategy - Long-term commitment **For employees:** - Plan financially for long process - Maintain documentation - Consider parallel paths - Specific country-of-birth implications - Strategic AC21 considerations ## What you should do If you're a New York employer or foreign worker pursuing employment-based green card: hire experienced immigration attorney — process is technical + multi-year. Most New York immigration attorneys handle EB cases. Plan financially. Specific country-of-birth implications major. Multiple paths often available. --- *This guide is general information about US federal immigration law as of mid-2026 and is not legal advice. EB green cards are technical. Talk to a licensed immigration attorney about your specific situation.*