Heirs' Property in Vermont in VT — Estate Planning… | CGMIMM
Estate Planning · VT
Heirs' Property in Vermont
Vermont heirs' property — land passed without a will or proper estate planning, owned by multiple heirs as tenants-in-common — has caused significant land loss in Black + low-income families. UPHPA partition reform helps.
Published May 9, 2026
## Heirs' property in Vermont
**Heirs' property** is family-owned land passed down through generations without a will or estate planning, leaving multiple heirs as tenants-in-common. Vermont families face serious risks of involuntary partition sales — but the **Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act (UPHPA)** provides important protections.
## What is heirs' property
**Typical situation:**
- Original owner dies without will
- Property passes to multiple heirs
- Heirs hold as "tenants-in-common"
- Each heir has fractional undivided interest
- Often through multiple generations
- May be hundreds of heirs by 3-4 generations later
**Common scenarios:**
- Black families — significant in Southern US
- Native American allotments
- Low-income rural families
- Latino families (Texas, Southwest)
- Any family without estate planning
## The major risk — partition sales
**Traditional partition law:**
- ANY co-owner can force sale
- Even owning 1% triggers sale
- Sale at public auction
- Often well below market value
- Land lost forever
**Speculator scheme:**
1. Speculator finds heirs' property
2. Identifies disgruntled heir
3. Buys small interest cheap
4. Petitions court for partition sale
5. Buys land at undervalued auction
6. Family loses generational property
**Estimated $14 billion in Black-owned land lost** through partition sales 1910-2010.
## UPHPA — the reform
**Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act (2010):**
- Drafted by Uniform Law Commission
- Adopted by ~25 states + DC (and growing)
- Specifically protects heirs' property
- Multiple new safeguards
**${s.name} adoption status varies** — check current status.
## UPHPA protections
**1. Initial determination:**
- Court determines if property is "heirs property"
- Specific definition under statute
- Triggers UPHPA procedures
**2. Independent appraisal:**
- Court orders appraisal
- Independent qualified appraiser
- Court-set value
- Protects against undervaluation
**3. Right of first refusal (cotenant buyout):**
- Cotenants can buy out filing party
- At court-set value
- Specific deadline (often 45 days)
- Multiple cotenants can pool resources
- Most important new protection
**4. Partition in kind preference:**
- Court must consider partition in kind first
- Divide land physically
- Each heir gets specific portion
- Sale only if partition impractical
**5. Open-market sale (if sale needed):**
- Not auction (which often undervalues)
- Real-estate broker listing
- Open market exposure
- Better prices typically
## Title issues
**Common heirs' property problems:**
**Clouded title:**
- Multiple unidentified heirs
- Missing death certificates
- Conflicting claims
- Lost / never recorded deeds
- Improper documentation
**Cannot easily:**
- Get mortgage / refinance
- Get government program assistance
- Get title insurance
- Develop / improve property
- Sell to outside buyer
**Property tax issues:**
- One heir pays taxes
- Others uninvolved
- Tax delinquency leads to loss
- Tax sale procedures
## Resolving heirs' property
**1. Identify all heirs:**
- Probate records research
- Family genealogy
- DNA evidence sometimes
- Service of process challenges
- Often dozens / hundreds
**2. Probate the original estate:**
- File for probate of deceased original owner
- Distribute property properly
- Document legal heirs
- Often required for clear title
**3. Heirs sign deeds:**
- Quitclaim deeds
- Specific transfers
- Family settlement agreements
- Family LLC formation
**4. Family LLC / trust ownership:**
- Transfer property to family entity
- Centralized decision-making
- Protect from partition
- Smooth ownership transfers
- Can be powerful protection
**5. Quiet title action:**
- Court adjudicates title
- Resolve all claims
- Establishes clear ownership
- Required for some title issues
## Family trust / LLC strategy
**Recommended structure:**
- Form family LLC or trust
- All heirs transfer interests
- LLC owns property
- Operating agreement governs
- Voting rules / buyout provisions
- Stops outside speculators
**Effective protection:**
- Speculators can't buy single heir interest in LLC
- Operating agreement controls transfers
- Prevents partition
- Maintains family ownership
## Federal programs
**USDA programs for heirs' property:**
- Heirs' Property Relending Program
- Direct loans to settle estates
- Specifically for relating heirs' property
- Extension Service assistance
**Farmer programs:**
- Farm bill provisions
- Specific protections for farmers
- USDA recognition issues
- Disaster relief access
**HUD + FHA programs:**
- Some accommodations
- Limited specifically for heirs' property
## State assistance programs
**${s.name} may have:**
- Heirs' property hotlines
- Legal aid programs
- Land-loss prevention initiatives
- Specific tax payment programs
- Probate fee waivers
**Notable state programs:**
- South Carolina (Center for Heirs Property Preservation)
- Mississippi (Mississippi Center for Justice)
- Georgia (multiple organizations)
- Florida (multiple)
- Texas (Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid)
## Tax issues for heirs' property
**Property tax:**
- Each heir technically liable
- Often one heir pays for all
- Tax delinquency = loss of land
- Tax sale procedures
**Estate / income tax:**
- Step-up in basis at original death
- Continued co-ownership tax issues
- Capital gains on sale
- Multiple heir tax filings
## Native American allotments
**Special situation:**
- Federal trust land
- Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
- Indian Land Consolidation Act
- Cobell v. Salazar settlement
- Specific procedures
- Federal court jurisdiction
## Common scenarios
**Generation 1:** Original owner dies without will. Property passes to 5 children equally.
**Generation 2:** Each child dies without will. 5 grandchildren each, total 25 owners.
**Generation 3:** Same pattern. Now 125+ owners, mostly unrelated by close relationship.
**Generation 4:** Hundreds of owners, some unknown.
**Result:** Property impossible to manage, vulnerable to partition, often abandoned or lost.
## Strategic considerations
**For families with heirs' property:**
**Immediate steps:**
1. Identify all heirs (genealogy research)
2. Probate original estate if not done
3. Document property tax payment
4. Update title records
5. Form family entity (LLC/trust)
6. Estate planning for current heirs
**Longer term:**
- Consolidate ownership in family entity
- Active land management
- Insurance coverage
- Document decisions
- Annual family meetings
- Specific succession plan
## Common mistakes
- Doing nothing after death
- One heir paying everything alone
- Selling individual interests to outsiders
- Failing to identify all heirs
- Not pursuing UPHPA buyout rights
- Letting tax sale proceed
- Inadequate documentation
- Poor inter-family communication
## What you should do
If your Vermont family has heirs' property: act NOW — speculators target uncertain titles. Hire estate / real-estate attorney + consider state heirs' property programs (often free / low-cost). Form family LLC or trust to consolidate ownership. Document property tax payments. Many Vermont legal aid programs specifically address heirs' property. USDA programs may provide funding for resolution.
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*This guide is general information about federal + Vermont law as of mid-2026 and is not legal advice. Heirs' property issues are technical + state-specific. Talk to a licensed Vermont attorney about your specific situation.*
This guide is for general information only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws change and outcomes depend on your specific situation — talk to a licensed attorney before acting on anything you read here.