## Felonies vs misdemeanors in New York Every state divides crimes into two big buckets: **felonies** (more serious, generally punishable by 1+ year in state prison) and **misdemeanors** (less serious, punishable by jail time of 1 year or less, or fines). The line between the two has consequences far beyond the sentence. ### How New York classifies felonies Class A-I, A-II, B, C, D, E felonies. Class A-I: 15 yrs to life or death; E felony: up to 4 yrs. ### How New York classifies misdemeanors Class A and B misdemeanors plus violations. ## Why the distinction matters A felony conviction follows you for life in ways a misdemeanor doesn't: - **Voting rights** — many states disenfranchise felons (during incarceration, probation, or permanently) - **Firearm rights** — federal law bars felons from possessing firearms (state laws may do the same) - **Jury service** — felons are barred from juries in most states - **Public office and licensure** — many professional licenses (legal, medical, real estate, security) are denied to felons - **Employment** — felonies show up on standard background checks; ban-the-box laws help only at hiring stage - **Housing** — landlords can refuse to rent to felons; public housing has specific bars - **Immigration** — non-citizens face deportation for many felonies (and even some misdemeanors deemed "crimes of moral turpitude") - **Education** — federal student aid is restricted for some drug offenses - **Custody** — a felony can affect child-custody arrangements ## Where the line gets drawn Most states use the federal definition: an offense punishable by **more than 1 year** in state prison is a felony. Some specific markers: - A theft of property over a statutory threshold (often $500-$2,500) becomes a felony - Drug possession is felony or misdemeanor depending on substance and quantity (state varies wildly) - Domestic violence is often misdemeanor on a first offense, felony with priors or aggravators - DUI is misdemeanor on a first offense in nearly every state, felony on multiple priors or with injury/death - Assault is a graduated offense — simple misdemeanor, aggravated felony, with-deadly-weapon felony, etc. ## Wobblers and reduction Many states allow some felony charges to be reduced to misdemeanors at sentencing or after successful completion of probation: - **California's PC 17(b)** — wobblers can be designated misdemeanors at sentencing or by motion later - **Reduction-after-probation** — some states let a felony be reduced to a misdemeanor after successful probation completion - **Sentencing alternatives** — drug court, mental-health court, veteran's court, and similar diversion programs can result in reduction or dismissal ## Sentencing structures States use one of three main sentencing structures: - **Indeterminate** — the judge sets a range (e.g., 5-10 years) and the parole board decides actual release - **Determinate** — the judge sets a specific term and the defendant serves that time minus good-time credits - **Sentencing guidelines** — a grid based on offense severity + criminal history determines the presumptive sentence Many states blend approaches. ## What you should do If you've been charged in New York, the FIRST question your defense attorney will ask is what class/level the offense is and what the sentencing range looks like. Even if conviction is a foregone conclusion, the difference between a felony plea and a misdemeanor reduction can be the difference between a manageable life and a permanently restricted one. Talk to a New York criminal-defense attorney — most offer free consultations. --- *This guide is general information about New York law as of early 2026 and is not legal advice. Classification and sentencing rules are detail-heavy and frequently amended. Talk to a licensed New York criminal-defense attorney about your specific case.*