## Miranda rights in North Dakota **Miranda v. Arizona (1966)** requires police to advise suspects of rights before "custodial interrogation." North Dakota suspects who give statements without proper warnings can move to suppress those statements — but rights are narrower than commonly believed. ## The classic warnings **Required:** 1. "You have the right to remain silent." 2. "Anything you say can and will be used against you in court." 3. "You have the right to an attorney." 4. "If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided for you." **No specific words required:** - Substance must be conveyed - Specific language flexibility - Translation may be required - Understanding required ## When Miranda applies **Two requirements:** **1. Custody:** - Reasonable person would not feel free to leave - More than a routine traffic stop - Specific factors: location, restraints, duration, force - Berkemer v. McCarty (traffic stops aren't custody) - Stansbury v. California (objective test) **2. Interrogation:** - Express questioning OR - Functional equivalent (designed to elicit response) - Innis v. Rhode Island (2nd Circuit) - Spontaneous statements not interrogation - Routine booking questions excepted **BOTH required for Miranda to apply.** ## When Miranda does NOT apply **Common scenarios:** **Voluntary statements:** - Suspect volunteers without questioning - No interrogation occurred - Spontaneous admissions - Outside Miranda's scope **Pre-custodial questioning:** - Investigator interviews not in custody - Telephone interviews - Office interviews where free to leave - Routine traffic stops (Berkemer) **Booking questions:** - Name, address, date of birth - Routine information - Limited exceptions **Public safety exception:** - New York v. Quarles - Immediate threat to public safety - Specific circumstances - Limited application **Private actors:** - Private security - Civilians - Not covered by Miranda **Statements to undercover officers:** - Illinois v. Perkins - Suspect doesn't know speaking with police - No coercion - Limited application ## Invocation of rights **Right to remain silent:** - Must be invoked clearly + unambiguously - Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) — must speak up - Silence alone insufficient - Must say "I won't talk" or similar **Right to attorney:** - Must be unambiguous - Davis v. United States (1994) - "Maybe I should talk to a lawyer" insufficient - Must clearly request attorney **Once invoked:** **Edwards rule (right to attorney):** - Police must cease all questioning - Cannot reinitiate without attorney - Cannot ask different topics - Cannot circumvent through different officers - Maryland v. Shatzer (2010) — 14-day break + Miranda re-advisement permits new questioning **Mosley rule (right to silence):** - Police can re-approach about different crimes - Less protective than attorney invocation - Specific procedures - Different scope ## Waivers **Valid waiver requires:** **Knowing:** - Suspect understands rights - Reading + signing typical - Translation if needed **Voluntary:** - Free choice - No coercion - No promises / threats **Intelligent:** - Awareness of consequences - Mental capacity - Not impaired **Burden on prosecution** to show valid waiver. ## Implied waiver **Berghuis v. Thompkins:** - After warnings, suspect's silence + later answer = waiver - Must explicitly invoke to stop questioning - Significant burden on suspects - Encourages specific assertion ## Special situations **Juveniles:** - Heightened Miranda concerns - Parental notification (some states) - Specific requirements - Court suppression more likely - Specific state law **Mental disability:** - Voluntary waiver questioned - Specific evaluation - IQ + understanding factors - Suppression more likely **Foreign nationals:** - Translation required - Specific Vienna Convention rights - Consular notification - Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon **Intoxicated suspects:** - Voluntary waiver questioned - Specific impairment level - Court evaluation - Often suppression ## Confession voluntariness **Separate from Miranda:** **Due process clause:** - Confessions must be voluntary - Not coerced (physical or psychological) - Even if Miranda compliance **Coercion factors:** - Length of questioning - Sleep deprivation - Food / water deprivation - Specific threats - Specific promises - Physical conditions - Mental state **Trickery + deception:** - Generally permitted within limits - Some specific exceptions - False evidence claims often OK - False confession dangers ## Suppression remedies **Exclusion of statements:** - Direct statements excluded - Limited derivative evidence (Hubbell exception) - Cannot be used in case-in-chief - Can be used to impeach (Harris v. New York) **Patane exception:** - Physical evidence found through Miranda violation - Often admissible - Statement excluded but evidence allowed - Limited Miranda remedy ## Recent Supreme Court rulings **Notable cases:** **Vega v. Tekoh (2022):** - Miranda violations don't support § 1983 claims - Limits civil remedies for violations - Suppression still available **Howes v. Fields (2012):** - Inmate questioning custody analysis - Specific factors - Limited custody finding **Maryland v. Shatzer (2010):** - 14-day break between sessions - Permits re-questioning - Specific application **Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010):** - Implicit waiver standard - Burden on suspects - Significant change ## State law variations **${s.name} may provide:** - Stronger protections than federal - Different invocation standards - Specific recording requirements - Different waiver requirements - Specific juvenile rules **Some states require:** - Recorded interrogations - Counsel for juveniles - Specific procedures - Stronger protections ## Practical advice **For suspects:** - INVOKE rights clearly + unambiguously - Say "I want to remain silent" + "I want a lawyer" - Don't equivocate - Don't sign anything - Don't make exculpatory statements - Don't think "I have nothing to hide" - Stop talking immediately - Wait for attorney **Common mistakes:** - Trying to explain - Trying to talk way out - Believing helpful comments hurt - Asking ambiguous questions - Not invoking specifically - Talking after invocation - Talking about unrelated matters - Friends + family discussions ## Discovery in suppression cases **Critical:** - Body camera footage - Audio recordings - Officer notes - Original Miranda forms - Witness testimony - Specific procedures used - Officer training records - Time records ## Strategic considerations **For criminal defense:** **Suppression motion analysis:** - Was suspect in custody? - Was there interrogation? - Were warnings adequate? - Was waiver valid? - Were rights properly invoked? - Was confession voluntary? - Specific factual issues **Practical effect:** - Often suppressed key evidence - Can lead to dismissal - Strong defense lever - Trial / plea leverage ## What you should do If you're being questioned by police in North Dakota: INVOKE YOUR RIGHTS clearly — "I want a lawyer + I'm not going to answer questions." Don't talk further. Wait for attorney. If interrogated without warnings, hire criminal defense attorney with strong Miranda experience. Suppression motions can change cases dramatically. Most North Dakota criminal defense attorneys handle these motions. --- *This guide is general information about US constitutional + North Dakota law as of mid-2026 and is not legal advice. Miranda issues are technical. Talk to a licensed North Dakota criminal defense attorney about your specific case.*