Richmond, Labe M

New York immigrants ineligible for asylum may qualify for withholding of removal — protection from deportation to specific country, but no path to permanent residency or family petitions.

New York parental alienation — one parent influencing child against other parent — can lead to custody modification, contempt findings, sanctions, and reunification therapy. Difficult to prove but increasingly recognized.

New York criminal restitution requires defendants to repay victims for losses caused by the crime — mandatory in many cases, enforceable as civil judgment, often non-dischargeable in bankruptcy.