Leiser Leiser & Hennessy

Virginia criminal restitution requires defendants to repay victims for losses caused by the crime — mandatory in many cases, enforceable as civil judgment, often non-dischargeable in bankruptcy.

Virginia employee handbooks can create implied contracts limiting at-will employment — but proper disclaimers preserve at-will status. NLRA also restricts certain handbook policies for employees.

Virginia parental alienation — one parent influencing child against other parent — can lead to custody modification, contempt findings, sanctions, and reunification therapy. Difficult to prove but increasingly recognized.